For nearly two decades, Williams College has steadily raised its climate ambitions. After setting its first emissions reduction goal in 2007, the college strengthened its commitments over time, culminating in a 2021 target to cut emissions 80% below 1991 levels, focusing on stationary Scope 1 and all Scope 2 emissions. To chart the path forward, Williams commissioned a comprehensive Energy and Carbon Master Plan in late 2021. The engineering analysis evaluated multiple technology pathways and...